The Frog-Biting Midges of Borneo—From Two to Eleven Species (Corethrellidae: Diptera)
نویسنده
چکیده
The Corethrella Coquillett of Borneo are described and interpreted, based primarily on material from Brunei Darussalam and a few locations in the Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah. The eleven species include three previously named (one newly discovered in Borneo) and eight newly named species. The following new species are attributed to Borkent & Grafe: C. lutea, C. tigrina, C. gilva, C. nanoantennalis, C. mitra and C. bipigmenta. Two new species, C. bicincta and C. unizona are attributed to Borkent, Grafe & Miyagi. Of the eleven Bornean species, 10 are recorded from Brunei Darussalam and eight of these are also known from at least Sarawak. This distribution of species as well as comparison of species collected directly from calling frogs with those collected with frog-call traps (some with modified sound) indicate that diversity is not as high as in Central America (the only other tropical area intensely sampled). Surveys of aquatic habitats show that Corethrella are absent from phytotelmata (water bodies held by plants) in Borneo, other than C. calathicola Edwards which is present in some species of Nepenthes and a species most closely related to a relatively derived group of Neotropical species occupying treeholes (C. calathicola likely dispersed from the Neotropical Region). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, other than C. calathicola, species are members of an early lineage called the drakensbergensis species group (n = 6), is the sister group of a large assemblage of Old and New World species (n = 1) or cannot be placed phylogenetically (probably because of lack of immatures and males) (n = 3). Abstrak (Bahasa Melayu) Corethrella Coquillett dari Borneo dideskripsikan dan ditafsirkan berdasarkan sampel-sampel yang diperolehi dari Brunei Darussalam dan beberapa lokasi di Malaysia iaitu Sarawak dan Sabah. Sebelas spesies termasuk tiga spesies yang telah dinamakan sebelumnya (satu spesies baru saja ditemui di Borneo) dan lapan spesies yang baru dinamakan. Spesies baru berikut merujuk kepada Borkent & Grafe: C. lutea, C. tigrina, C. gilva, C. nanoantennalis, C. mitra dan C. bipigmenta. Sementara itu terdapat dua agi spesies baru iaitu C. bicincta dan C. unizona yang merujuk kepada Borkent, Grafe & Miyagi. Daripada sebelas spesies Corethrella yang didokumenkan di Borneo, 10 daripadanya direkodkan dari Brunei Darussalam dan lapan daripada spesies ini juga diketahui kewujudannya sekurang-kurangnya di Sarawak. Taburan spesies ini serta perbandingan di antara spesies yang dikumpulkan secara langsung dari katak-katak yang berbunyi dengan sampel-sampel yang dikumpulkan melalui perangkap yang telah dipasang dengan bunyi katak (beberapa dengan beberapa bunyi yang telah diubah suai) menunjukkan bahawa kepelbagaian spesies tidak setinggi yang terdapat di Amerika Tengah (iaitu satu-satunya kawasan tropika terperinci yang telah disampel secara mendalam). Penyiasatan ke atas habitat-habitat akuatik menunjukkan bahawa spesies Corethrella tidak wujud di dalam ‘phytotelmata’ (badan air yang dipegang oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan) di Borneo, kecuali C. calathicola Edwards yang telah didapati di dalam beberapa spesies Nepenthes dan juga satu spesies Corethrella yang berkait rapat dengan kumpulan yang berasal dari spesies Neotropika yang terdapat di dalam lubang di bahagian batang pokok (C. calathicola berkemungkinan berasal dari Wilayah Neotropika). Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahawa, selain daripada C. calathicola, spesies Corethrella ini adalah ahli dari keturunan awal yang dikenali sebagai kumpulan spesies drakensbergensis (n = 6), adalah himpunan kelompok spesies yang terbesar di Dunia Lama dan Baru (n = 1) atau tidak dapat diletakkan secara filogenetik (berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh kekurangan sampel yang tidak matang dan sampel jantan) (n = 3).
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